Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-13 (of 13 Records) |
Query Trace: Waltz T[original query] |
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An investigation of Salmonella Fluntern illnesses linked to leopard geckos-United States, 2018.
Koski L , DeBess E , Rosen HE , Reporter R , Waltz T , Leeper M , Concepcion Acevedo J , Karpiskova R , McCormick J , Gelbicova T , Morningstar-Shaw B , Nichols M , Leman RF . Zoonoses Public Health 2019 66 (8) 974-977 Reptile contact can result in zoonotic non-typhoidal salmonellosis. In April 2018, Oregon Public Health Division contacted CDC about a cluster of four Salmonella serovar Fluntern (SF) illnesses in four states (OR, CA, IA, NY); patients reported contact with geckos, a popular reptile pet. PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network of food-borne disease surveillance, subsequently identified additional SF clinical isolates. Twelve cases in 11 states were identified; median age was 5 years (range: <1-58 years). Three patients were hospitalized; no deaths were reported. Of those with exposure information (n = 10), all reported reptile exposure; 9 (90%) specified contact with leopard geckos. No common source of geckos was identified from reported purchase locations. Los Angeles County (LAC) health officials isolated SF from one patient's leopard gecko. Five reptile/gecko isolates were identified from the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) from 2015 to 2018. Five countries responded to an Epidemic Intelligence Information System post by PulseNet; reptile isolate sequence data were received from Czech Republic. A clinical case from England was identified through the National Center for Biotechnology Information pathogen detection pipeline; the patient did not report contact with leopard geckos. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed substantial genetic diversity between clinical and animal isolates; however, gecko and clinical isolates from LAC were highly related (1 allele difference). This investigation linking SF illnesses to leopard geckos highlights an important public health risk from pets. A better understanding of how geckos are distributed by the pet industry in the United States could improve traceability to points of origin and mitigate Salmonella transmission at gecko breeders. Earlier NVSL reports of SF isolates from geckos suggest the risk of human SF infection from geckos is not new. This investigation demonstrates a need to educate gecko breeders, retailers and gecko owners about the continued Salmonella infection risk from pet geckos. |
Notes from the Field: Cronobacter sakazakii meningitis in a full-term neonate fed exclusively with breast milk - Indiana, 2018
Sundararajan M , Enane LA , Kidwell LA , Gentry R , Danao S , Bhumbra S , Lehmann C , Teachout M , Yeadon-Fagbohun J , Krombach P , Schroeder B , Martin H , Winkjer J , Waltz T , Strysko J , Cope JR . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 67 (44) 1248-1249 In January 2018, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) was notified of a case of Cronobacter sakazakii meningitis in a female neonate who had been fed exclusively maternal breast milk. The infant was born by induced vaginal delivery at 37 weeks’ gestational age. She was discharged from the newborn nursery after 2 days and was clinically well until age 8 days, when she was admitted with poor feeding, fever of 100.4°F (38°C), and abnormal movements. Electroencephalography demonstrated multifocal seizures; MRI demonstrated multifocal restricted diffusion, leptomeningeal enhancement, and patchy hemorrhagic areas. Cultures from blood and cerebrospinal fluid yielded C. sakazakii, a gram-negative pathogenic bacillus. She was initially treated with meropenem, gentamicin, and antiepileptics to control seizures; when antibiotic sensitivity results were available, the antimicrobial regimen was narrowed to cefepime to complete a 21-day course. She was discharged home at age 33 days with early intervention therapies for global hypotonia and close monitoring of her development. |
Schistosomiasis in Africa: Improving strategies for long-term and sustainable morbidity control
French MD , Evans D , Fleming FM , Secor WE , Biritwum NK , Brooker SJ , Bustinduy A , Gouvras A , Kabatereine N , King CH , Rebollo Polo M , Reinhard-Rupp J , Rollinson D , Tchuem Tchuente LA , Utzinger J , Waltz J , Zhang Y . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 12 (6) e0006484 Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide [1] and accounts for an estimated 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually [2], with 90% of the burden currently concentrated in Africa. The last decade has witnessed an extraordinary surge of advocacy and funding for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including schistosomiasis. Large-scale schistosomiasis control is now implemented in 30 countries in Africa [1], funded primarily through support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Department for International Development (DFID), private philanthropic funds from the END Fund and through GiveWell recommendations, and leveraging praziquantel donations from Merck KGaA. However, the number of people still requiring treatment remains daunting [1]. |
Acute illnesses and injuries related to total release foggers - 10 States, 2007-2015
Liu R , Alarcon WA , Calvert GM , Aubin KG , Beckman J , Cummings KR , Graham LS , Higgins SA , Mulay P , Patel K , Prado JB , Schwartz A , Stover D , Waltz J . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 67 (4) 125-130 Total release foggers (TRFs) (also known as "bug bombs") are pesticide products often used indoors to kill insects. After an earlier report found that TRFs pose a risk for acute illness (1), the Environmental Protection Agency required improved labels on TRFs manufactured after September 2012 (2). To examine the early impact of relabeling, the magnitude and characteristics of acute TRF-related illness were evaluated for the period 2007-2015. A total of 3,222 TRF-related illnesses were identified in 10 participating states, based on three data sources: Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk-Pesticides (SENSOR) programs, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) program, and poison control centers (PCCs) in Florida, Texas, and Washington. No statistically significant decline in the overall TRF-illness incidence rate was found. Failure to vacate treated premises during application was the most commonly reported cause of exposure. To reduce TRF-related illness, integrated pest management strategies (3) need to be adopted, as well as better communication about the hazards and proper uses of TRFs. Redesigning TRFs to prevent sudden, unexpected activation might also be useful. |
Acute nonoccupational pesticide-related illness and injury - United States, 2007-2011
Namulanda G , Monti MM , Mulay P , Higgins S , Lackovic M , Schwartz A , Prado JB , Waltz J , Mitchell Y , Calvert GM . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 63 (55) 5-10 CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) collects data on acute pesticide-related illness and injury reported by 12 states (California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Washington). This report summarizes the data on illnesses and injuries arising from nonoccupational exposure to conventional pesticides that were reported during 2007-2011. Conventional pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and fumigants. They exclude disinfectants (e.g., chlorine and hypochlorites) and biological pesticides. This report is a part of the Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks - United States, which encompasses various surveillance years but is being published in 2016. The Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks appears in the same volume of MMWR as the annual Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases. In a separate report, data on illnesses and injuries from occupational exposure to conventional pesticides during 2007-2011 are summarized. |
Acute occupational pesticide-related illness and injury -United States, 2007-2011
Calvert GM , Beckman J , Prado JB , Bojes H , Schwartz A , Mulay P , Leinenkugel K , Higgins S , Lackovic M , Waltz J , Stover D , Moraga-McHaley S . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 63 (55) 11-16 CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) collects data on acute pesticide-related illness and injury reported by 12 states (California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, North Carolina, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Washington). This report summarizes the data on illnesses and injuries arising from occupational exposure to conventional pesticides from 2007 through 2011. This report is a part of the Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks - United States, which encompasses various surveillance years but is being published in 2016. The Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks appears in the same volume of MMWR as the annual Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases. In a separate report, data on illnesses and injuries from nonoccupational exposure to pesticides during 2007-2011 are summarized. |
Magnitude and characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US: 1998-2013
Fortenberry GZ , Beckman J , Schwartz A , Prado JB , Graham LS , Higgins S , Lackovic M , Mulay P , Bojes H , Waltz J , Mitchell Y , Leinenkugel K , Oriel MS , Evans E , Calvert GM . Environ Res 2016 146 191-199 BACKGROUND: Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world. OBJECTIVES: Determine the magnitude, characteristics, and root causes for acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US. METHODS: Illnesses associated with paraquat or diquat exposure occurring from 1998 through 2011 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), and the Incident Data System (IDS). Cases identified by the National Poison Data System (NPDS) were reviewed for the years 1998-2003 and 2006-2013. RESULTS: A total of 300 paraquat- and 144 diquat-related acute illnesses were identified by SENSOR, PISP, and IDS. NPDS identified 693 paraquat- and 2128 diquat-related acute illnesses. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, illnesses were commonly low severity (paraquat=41%; diquat=81%); however, SENSOR/PISP/IDS identified 24 deaths caused by paraquat and 5 deaths associated with diquat. Nineteen paraquat-related deaths were due to ingestion, seven of which were unintentional, often due to improper storage in beverage bottles. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, paraquat and diquat-related acute illnesses were work-related in 68% (n=203) and 29% (n=42) of cases, respectively. When herbicide application site was known, the vast majority of acute paraquat-related illnesses (81%) arose from agricultural applications. Common root causes of illness were failure to use adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), application equipment failure, and spill/splash of herbicide. CONCLUSIONS: Although the magnitude of acute paraquat/diquat-related illnesses was relatively low, several fatalities were identified. Many illnesses could be prevented through stricter compliance with label requirements (e.g. ensuring proper herbicide storage and PPE use), and through enhanced training of certified applicators. |
Summary of notifiable noninfectious conditions and disease outbreaks: acute occupational pesticide-related illness and injury - United States, 2007-2010
Calvert GM , Beckman J , Prado JB , Bojes H , Mulay P , Lackovic M , Waltz J , Schwartz A , Mitchell Y , Moraga-McHaley S , Leinenkugel K , Higgins S . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 62 (54) 5-10 CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) collects data on acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries reported by 11 states (California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, North Carolina, New Mexico [2007–2008 only], New York, Oregon, Texas, and Washington). This report summarizes data on illnesses and injuries arising from occupational exposure to conventional pesticides during 2007–2010. This report is a part of the first-ever Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks, which encompasses various surveillance years but is being published in 2015 (1). The Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks appears in the same volume of MMWR as the annual Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases (2). | Background | Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests (e.g., insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds). In 2007, the year with the most currently available data, an estimated 2.1 billion pounds of conventional pesticides were used in the United States (3), which represents approximately 22% of the entire worldwide use of these pesticides. Conventional pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and fumigants and exclude chlorine, hypochlorites, and biocides. | The toxicity of pesticides continues to raise public concern and is the focus of much media attention. The benefits of pesticides are well recognized and primarily include their role in protecting the food supply and in controlling disease vectors (4). However, no form of pest control is perfectly safe. Tracking the associated health effects of pesticides can help ensure that no pesticides pose an unreasonable burden (5). As such, public health surveillance of acute pesticide-related illness and injury serves a vital societal role by assessing the magnitude and characteristics of this condition. Surveillance of acute pesticide-related illness and injury has been endorsed by several professional organizations and federal agencies including the American Medical Association (6), the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (7), NIOSH (8), and the U.S. Government Accountability Office (9). To address the need for public health surveillance of acute pesticide-related illness and injury, NIOSH established such a surveillance program in 1987. | Pesticide products must pass an extensive battery of testing prior to being registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This testing forms the basis for the human health and environmental risk assessments conducted by EPA that guide identification of the conditions under which a pesticide can be used. These conditions of use are reflected in pesticide product labeling. Compliance with these use conditions are expected to prevent unreasonable adverse effects to human health and the environment. To verify the real-world effectiveness of pesticide product labeling in preventing adverse human health effects, findings from acute pesticide-related illness and injury surveillance systems are reviewed. These surveillance data assist EPA to determine whether labeling is effective or if labeling improvements are needed. When adverse health effects occur despite adherence to label instructions, and if EPA determines the magnitude to be unreasonable, EPA requires that interventions be instituted that involve changing pesticide use practices and/or modifying regulatory measures (10). Acute pesticide-related illness and injury also can occur because of a lack of compliance with existing pesticide regulations. The appropriate interventions for these cases include enhanced education and enforcement. |
Characteristics and magnitude of acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries associated with pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures-11 states, 2000-2008
Hudson NL , Kasner EJ , Beckman J , Mehler L , Schwartz A , Higgins S , Bonnar-Prado J , Lackovic M , Mulay P , Mitchell Y , Larios L , Walker R , Waltz J , Moraga-McHaley S , Roisman R , Calvert GM . Am J Ind Med 2013 57 (1) 15-30 BACKGROUND: Excluding disinfectants, pyrethrins and pyrethroids are the pesticides used most commonly in and around homes. Respiratory effects and paresthesia are among the concerns about pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposures. METHODS: Acute pesticide-related illness/injury cases were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks-Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation from 2000-2008. Characteristics and incidence rates were determined for acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness/injury cases. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds of respiratory and dermal symptoms in persons with illness/injury following pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposure compared to persons with illness/injury following exposure to other pesticides. RESULTS: A total of 4,974 cases of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness were identified. Incidence rates increased over time, reaching 8 cases/million population in 2008. The majority of cases were low severity (85%) and 34% were work-related. Respiratory effects were the most common symptoms reported (48%). Risk of acute respiratory effects were significantly elevated among persons exposed only to pyrethrins (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.49-2.16), only to pyrethroids (aOR 1.99 95% CI: 1.77-2.24), to a mixture of pyrethroids (aOR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.99-2.81) or to a mixture containing both pyrethrins and pyrethroids (aOR 2.99; 95% CI: 2.33-3.84) compared to those with illness arising from exposure to other pesticides. The most common factors contributing to pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness included exposure from spills/splashes, improper storage, and failure to evacuate during pesticide application. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness/injury is relatively low but is increasing. As such, additional measures to prevent them are needed. |
Oxidative stress and dermal toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro
Murray AR , Kisin E , Inman A , Young SH , Muhammed M , Burks T , Uheida A , Tkach A , Waltz M , Castranova V , Fadeel B , Kagan VE , Riviere JE , Monteiro-Riviere N , Shvedova AA . Cell Biochem Biophys 2012 67 (2) 461-76 A number of commercially available metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) are utilized by the medical field for a wide variety of applications. These NPs may able to induce dermal toxicity via their physical nature and reactive surface properties. We hypothesize that SPION may be toxic to skin via the ability of particles to be internalized and thereby initiate oxidative stress, inducing redox-sensitive transcription factors affecting/leading to inflammation. Due to the skin's susceptibility to UV radiation, it is also of importance to address the combined effect of UVB and NPs co-exposure. To test this hypothesis, the effects of dextran-coated SPION of different sizes (15-50 nm) and manufacturers (MicroMod, Rostock-Warnemunde, Germany and KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) were evaluated in two cell lines: normal human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and murine epidermal cells (JB6 P(+)). HEK cells exposed to 20 nm (KTH and MicroMod) had a decrease in viability, while the 15 and 50 nm particles were not cytotoxic. HEK cells were also capable of internalizing the KTH particles (15 and 20 nm) but not the MicroMod SPION (20 and 50 nm). IL-8 and IL-6 were also elevated in HEK cells following exposure to SPION. Exposure of JB6 P(+) cells to all SPIONs evaluated resulted in activation of AP-1. Exposure to SPION alone was not sufficient to induce NF-kappaB activation; however, co-exposure with UVB resulted in significant NF-kappaB induction in cells exposed to 15 and 20 nm KTH SPION and 50 nm MicroMod particles. Pre-exposure of JB6 P(+) cells to UVB followed by NPs induced a significant depletion of glutathione, release of cytokines, and cell damage as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase. Altogether, these data indicate that co-exposure to UVB and SPIONs was associated with induction of oxidative stress and release of inflammatory mediators. These results verify the need to thoroughly evaluate the adverse effects of UVB when evaluating dermal toxicity of engineered NPs on skin. |
Gender differences in acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries among farmworkers in the United States, 1998-2007
Kasner EJ , Keralis JM , Mehler L , Beckman J , Bonnar-Prado J , Lee SJ , Diebolt-Brown B , Mulay P , Lackovic M , Waltz J , Schwartz A , Mitchell Y , Moraga-McHaley S , Roisman R , Gergely R , Calvert GM . Am J Ind Med 2012 55 (7) 571-83 BACKGROUND: Farmworkers have a high risk for acute pesticide-related illness and injury, and the rate among female farmworkers is approximately twice as high as that among males. Surveillance data were used to identify reasons for this gender difference. METHODS: We identified acute pesticide-related illness and injury cases among farmworkers from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Gender-specific associations with acute pesticide-related illness and injury were assessed using chi-square tests. National Agricultural Workers Survey data were also examined. RESULTS: The over-representation of females among farmworker illness and injury cases was confined to females who did not handle pesticides (non-handlers). Female non-handler farmworkers who were affected were more likely to be working on fruit and nut crops, to be exposed to off-target pesticide drift, and to be exposed to fungicides and fumigants compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is an increased risk for acute pesticide-related illness and injury among female farmworkers, the absolute number of farmworkers with acute pesticide-related illness and injury is far higher among males than females. Furthermore, farmworkers have little or no control over many of the identified contributing factors that led to illness and injury. Stringent enforcement of existing regulations and enhanced regulatory efforts to protect against off-target drift exposures may have the highest impact in reducing acute pesticide-related illness and injury among farmworkers. (Am. J. Ind. Med. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.) |
Acute pesticide illnesses associated with off-target pesticide drift from agricultural applications - 11 states, 1998-2006
Lee SJ , Mehler L , Beckman J , Diebolt-Brown B , Prado J , Lackovic M , Waltz J , Mulay P , Schwartz A , Mitchell Y , Moraga-McHaley S , Gergely R , Calvert GM . Environ Health Perspect 2011 119 (8) 1162-9 BACKGROUND: Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and off-target pesticide drift results in exposures to workers and the public. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the incidence of acute illnesses from pesticide drift from outdoor agricultural applications, and describe drift exposure and illness characteristics. METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks-Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Drift included off-target movement of pesticide spray, volatiles, and contaminated dust. Acute illness cases were characterized by demographics, pesticide and application variables, health effects, and contributing factors. RESULTS: During 1998-2006, 2,945 cases associated with agricultural pesticide drift were identified from 11 states. Forty-seven percent had exposures at work, 92% experienced low severity illness, and 14% were children (<15 years). The annual incidence ranged from 1.39 to 5.32 per million persons over the 9-year period. The overall incidence (in million person-years) was 114.3 for agricultural workers, 0.79 for other workers, 1.56 for nonoccupational cases, and 42.2 for residents in 5 agriculture-intensive counties in California. Soil applications with fumigants were responsible for the largest proportion (45%) of cases. Aerial applications accounted for 24% of cases. Common factors contributing to drift cases included weather conditions, improper seal of the fumigation site, and applicator carelessness near non-target areas. CONCLUSIONS: Agricultural workers and residents in agricultural regions were found to have the highest rate of pesticide poisoning from drift exposure, and soil fumigations were a major hazard causing large drift incidents. These findings highlight areas where interventions to reduce off-target drift could be focused. |
Acute illnesses associated with exposure to fipronil - surveillance data from 11 states in the United States, 2001-2007
Lee SJ , Mulay P , Diebolt-Brown B , Lackovic MJ , Mehler LN , Beckman J , Waltz J , Prado JB , Mitchell YA , Higgins SA , Schwartz A , Calvert GM . Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010 48 (7) 737-44 INTRODUCTION: Fipronil is a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide widely used to control residential pests and is also commonly used for flea and tick treatment on pets. It is a relatively new insecticide and few human toxicity data exist on fipronil. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the magnitude and characteristics of acute illnesses associated with fipronil exposure. METHODS: Illness cases associated with exposure to fipronil-containing products from 2001 to 2007 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. RESULTS: A total of 103 cases were identified in 11 states. Annual case counts increased from 5 in 2001 to 30 in 2007. Of the cases, 55% were female, the median age was 37 years, and 11% were <15 years old. The majority (76%) had exposure in a private residence, 37% involved the use of pet-care products, and 26% had work-related exposures. Most cases (89%) had mild, temporary health effects. Neurological symptoms (50%) such as headache, dizziness, and paresthesia were the most common, followed by ocular (44%), gastrointestinal (28%), respiratory (27%), and dermal (21%) symptoms/signs. Exposures usually occurred from inadvertent spray/splash/spill of products or inadequate ventilation of the treated area before re-entry. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that exposure to fipronil can pose a risk for mild, temporary health effects in various body systems. Precautionary actions should be reinforced to prevent fipronil exposure to product users. |
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